ISSN 2307–3489 (Print), ІSSN 2307–6666 (Online)
Наука
та прогрес транспорту. Вісник
Дніпропетровського
національного університету залізничного
транспорту, 2020, № 5 (89)
екологія Та промислова безпека
M. M. BILIAIEV1*, M. V. LEMESH2*, V. V. BiliaIeva3*, P. B. Mashykhina4*, Z. M. YAKUBOVSKA5*
1*Dep.
«Hydraulics and Water Supply», Dnipro National University of
Railway Transport named
after Academician V. Lazaryan, Lazaryana St.,
2, Dnipro, Ukraine, 49010, tel. +38 (056) 273 15 09,
e-mail
water.supply.treatment@gmail.com,ORCID
0000-0002-1531-7882
2*Dep.
«Hydraulics and Water Supply», Dnipro National University of
Railway Transport named
after Academician V. Lazaryan, Lazaryana St.,
2, Dnipro, Ukraine, 49010, tel. +38 (056) 273 15 09,
e-mail
water.supply.treatment@gmail.com, ORCID
0000-0002-1230-8040
3*Dep.
«Fluid Dynamics, Energy and Mass Transfer», Oles Honchar Dnipro
National University,
Haharina Av., 72, Dnipro, Ukraine, 49000, tel.
+38 (056) 374 98 22,
e-mail water.supply.treatment@gmail.com,
ORCID 0000-0003-2399-3124
4*Dep
«Hydraulics
and Water Supply», Dnipro National University of Railway Transport
named after Academician V. Lazaryan, Lazaryana St., 2, Dnipro,
Ukraine, 49010,
tel. +38 (056) 273 15 09, e-mail
gidro_eko@ukr.net, ORCID 0000-0003-3057-9204
5*Dep.
«Physics», Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology,
Haharina Av., 8, Dnipro,
Ukraine, 49005,tel. +38 (056) 753 56 38,
e-mail physics@udhtu.edu.ua, ORCID 0000-0002-9893-3479
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PROCESSES IN AEROTanks WITH plates
Purpose. Efficiency determination of the aeration tank at the stage of design or reconstruction of bioreactors in which biological wastewater treatment is carried out requires the use of special mathematical models and calculation methods. The main purpose of the article is to develop CFD models for evaluating the operation efficiency of aeration tanks. Methodology. A numerical model has been developed for the computer calculation of the biological wastewater treatment process in aerotanks, taking into account hydrodynamics. The model is based on two-level mass conservation equations for the substrate and activated sludge and the velocity potential equation. The process of biological transformation of the substrate is calculated based on the Monod model. For the numerical integration of the mass transfer equations of activated sludge and substrate, the alternating-triangular difference splitting scheme is used. In this case, the basic equations are divided into two equations of a more simplified form. For the numerical integration of the equations for the velocity potential, it is split into two one-dimensional equations. Further, each equation is solved according to explicit scheme. For the numerical integration of equations that describe the process of substrate transformation based on the Monod model, the Euler method is used. Findings. The software implementation of the constructed numerical model has been carried out. The results of a computational experiment on the study of the wastewater treatment process in an aeration tank with plates are presented. This leads to the conclusion that the quality control of wastewater treatment in aeration tanks is possible with the help of plates. Originality. A multivariate CFD model has been developed, which makes it possible to quickly assess the efficiency of the aeration tank. A feature of the model is the ability to evaluate the operation of the aeration tank, taking into account its geometric shape and location of additional plates in the construction. Practical value. The constructed numerical model can be used during calculations in the case of designing aeration tanks, or in determining the efficiency of wastewater treatment under new operating conditions.
Keywords: water purification; numerical modeling; aerotank; model Mono; CFD models; biological cleaning; wastewater; activated sludge; concentration of pollutants
Introduction
Biological treatment is one of the most effective methods of wastewater treatment [3, 4, 6]. Efficiency determination of this treatment at the stage of design or reconstruction of bioreactors, in which this method of wastewater treatment is carried out, requires the use of special mathematical models and calculation methods. Moreover, these theoretical calculation methods are the main toolkit, since a physical experiment in the field of biological treatment always requires a long time and expensive equipment. To date, a significant number of mathematical models have been developed that allow, with different approximation degrees, determining the bioreactor efficiency. But the existing mathematical models (empirical, balance, analytical) [1–5, 7–17] do not take into account a number of important parameters affecting the efficiency of bioreactors (their geometric shapes and design features, movement hydrodynamics activated sludge and substrate in them, the presence of additional elements, various modes of operation), or require significant time when implemented on computers (CFD-models). Therefore, the development of mathematical models for assessing the efficiency of biological reactors, which allow taking into account these important factors and quickly determining the values of the parameters necessary for the designer, is an important scientific task.
Purpose
This work provides for the development of a numerical model to assess the efficiency of wastewater treatment in aerotanks. The task is to create a multifactorial computer model that makes it possible to quickly calculate the process of biological wastewater treatment, taking into account the geometric shape of the bioreactor.
Methodology
When building a model, we will take into account the following factors:
- geometric shapes of aerotank;
– the process of changing the substrate concentration in aerotanks over time;
– the process of changing the of activated sludge concentration in aerotanks over time;
– the presence of additional elements in aero-tanks.
The material balance equations for the substrate and activated sludge in the reactor based on the Monod model has the following form:
where – activated sludge measurement coefficient; – time; – averaged concentration of activated sludge in the bioreactor ; – averaged concentration of substrate in the bioreactor; – diffusion coefficient; Y – parameter in the Monod model; – components of the water flow velocity in the bioreactor in the direction of the x, y axes, respectively; – components of the diffusion coefficients at the considered plane point in the x, y direction.
The averaged concentration of activated sludge and substrate over the width of the bioreactor is determined as follows:
Equations (1) and (2) describe the change in the concentration of activated sludge and substrate over time in the aeration tank due to movement and diffusion. Equations (3) – (5) describe the process of substrate consumption by activated sludge.
The limiting conditions for modeling equations are as follows:
at the inlet, the boundary condition is:
,
where – known concentrations of substrate and sludge, respectively;
2) boundary conditions at the exit from the bio-reactor:
;
,
where , – concentrations in the last computational cell; – concentrations in the previous computation cell;
3) on rigid surface:
where n – unit normal to the surface.
The initial conditions are as follows: at t=0 X=X0, S=S0.
To solve the hydrodynamics problem – determining the components field of the flow velocity vector in the aerotank – a model of potential motion was used [8, 29]:
(6)
where Р – velocity potential.
Knowing the potential field, the values of the components of the flow velocity vector in the bioreactor are determined by the formulas [8, 9, 14]:
Let us consider the difference in dependencies, with the help of which the numerical integration of the modeling equations is carried out. Thus, to calculate the substrate concentration in the bioreactor, an alternating-triangular two-step splitting scheme is used [2]. At the first stage of splitting, the calculated dependence has the form:
(7)
At the second step of splitting, the calculated dependence is as follows:
(8)
where , .
For the second equation, the difference schemes have the form:
– calculated dependence at the first step:
(9)
– calculated dependence at the second step:
(10)
where , .
To construct a local one-dimensional scheme for solving equation (6), we perform the following transformations. First, let us represent this equation in the form:
(11)
where t – fictitious time.
Further, we divide equation (11) as follows:
Equation (12) describes the change in the value of Р in the direction of the X axis, and equation (13) describes the change in the Y direction.
The calculated dependencies (Richardson's method) for determining the unknown value of Р based on equation (12) have the form:
(14)
Accordingly, the calculated dependencies (Richardson's method) for determining the unknown value of Р based on equation (13):
(15)
Since we solve the evolutionary equation, the calculation by dependencies (14)–(15) ends when the following condition is met:
where ε – small number; n – iteration number.
We calculate the flow velocity as follows:
For numerical integration of equations (3)–(4), the Euler method is used.
The algorithm for solving this problem includes two main stages.
At the first stage, the following steps are performed:
1) the velocity potential field P (x, y) in the aerotank is calculated;
2) the flow velocity field u (x, y), v in the aerotank is determined.
The second stage (calculation at the time step dt) contains the following steps:
1) the change in the concentration of activated sludge in the aerotank due to flow movement and diffusion is calculated;
2) the change in the concentration of the substrate in the aerotank due to the flow movement and diffusion is calculated;
3) the change in the concentration of activated sludge and substrate in each difference cell based on the Monod model is calculated;
4) the calculation is repeated at a new time step, starting from item 1.
Based on the constructed numerical model, the BIO-2K computer program was developed. Programming is carried out in the FORTRAN algorithmic language.
Findings
Let us present the results of solving the problem of assessing the efficiency of the aeration tank using the developed CFD model. The following scenarios were considered:
scenario no. 1: the aerotank works without additional elements inside the structure;
scenario no. 2: aerotank has one plate inside the structure;
scenario no. 3: aerotank has two plates inside the structure;
scenario no. 4: aerotank works as a reservoir for the substrate destruction, but there is no entry and exit of the substrate and activated sludge. That is, in this scenario, the aerotank is a tank filled with activated sludge and substrate, and the process of changing their concentration was studied using the Monod model.
Calculations were performed with the following initial data:
Sin = 360 mg/l – the concentration of the substrate (Biological oxygen demand (complete), which enters the structure;
bioreactor dimensions 15x5 m;
= 3 495 m3/day – waste water consumption;
mg/l – concentration of activated sludge that enters the reactor;
μmax = 1.04 – reproducibility index parameter;
Ks = 100 mg/l – sludge index parameter;
Kd = 0.055 1/day – theb coefficient that takes into account the death of microorganisms;
Y = 0.55 – parameter in the Monod model.
Initial condition: Sin = 360 mg/l, Xin = 200 mg/l, is the concentration of the substrate and activated sludge in the reactor for the time moment t = 0.
Figures 1–4 show how the substrate concentration at the reactor outlet changes for the scenarios under consideration. The concentration is averaged over the aerotank width for the time moment t = 1.5 (dimensionless time). Each number in the Figures shows the substrate concentration as a percentage of the maximum concentration (this is the concentration at the entrance to the reactor Sin = 360 mg/l).
Fig.
1. Substrate concentration in the bioreactor
(no plates,
scenario no. 1)
Fig.
2. Substrate concentration
in the
bioreactor
(one
plate, scenario
no. 2)
Fig.
3. Substrate concentration in the bioreactor
(two plates,
scenario no. 3)
Fig. 4. Substrate concentration in the bioreactor, t = 1.5 (no flow in the reactor, scenario no. 4)
As can be seen from the above figures, the field of substrate concentration inside the reactor can be divided into two zones. The first zone corresponds to the concentration range from 99 to 10% and occupies approximately the first half of the reactor. The second zone corresponds to the substrate concentration in the range of 10–3% (output from the reactor). The border between the zones looks like a «slanting» line. The second zone even has a «sparse» view. A significant concentration of the substrate in the first zone is caused by its constant ingress into the structure through the inlet.
Fig. 5 shows the field of activated sludge concentration in the structure (each number is the activated sludge concentration in percent of the maximum concentration value at a given time, for this time – Xmax = 620.76 mg/l). This concentration gradually decreases from the inlet (where the active sludge enters the reactor) to the outlet.
Thus, Table 1 shows the average value of the substrate concentration at the outlet from the reactor for the time t =1.5 for each scenario.
As you can see from Table 1, the plates in the strcture affect the efficiency of water purification in the bioreactor. The most active process of water purification takes place if there is no movement in the reactor (scenario no. 4), i.e., if there is no new portions of the substrate entering the reactor. Thus, it can be concluded that the quality control of wastewater treatment in biological reactors is possible through the use of additional elements in the structure – plates.
Fig. 5. Activated sludge concentration in the bioreactor, t = 1.5 (two plates, scenario no. 3)
Table 1
Average
value of substrate concentration
at the bioreactor outlet
Scenario |
Scenario no. 1 |
Scenario no. 2 |
Scenario no. № 3 |
Scenario no. 4 |
Concentration |
19.95 mg/l |
17.37 mg/l |
14.71 mg/l |
1.63 mg/l |
It is also important to compare the dynamics of the water purification rate in the reactor if there is no movement (scenario no. 4) and when there is movement (scenario no. 1). Biological reactors in scenarios no. 1 and no. 4 have the same geometry, so this comparison is logical. Table 2 shows the results of calculations for these reactors.
Table 2
Average
value of substrate concentration
at the bioreactor outlet
Time (dimensionless) |
Scenario no. 4 |
Scenario no. 1 |
0.6 |
148.32 mg/l |
133.81 mg/l |
0.96 |
44.71 mg/l |
55.38 mg/l |
1.2 |
12.25 mg/l |
32.76 mg/l |
1.4 |
2.89 mg/l |
22.66 mg/l |
1.5 |
1.63 mg/l |
19.95 mg/l |
Data analysis of Table 2 shows that approximately from the moment of time t = 0.96, the deceleration of the water purification process starts in the reactor, where the movement takes place, (scenario no. 1). By the time moment t = 1.5, the substrate concentration at the outlet from the reactor, where there is movement, is significantly different from the concentration for the reactor, where there is no movement.
Note that the time for calculating each scenario was 5 s.
Originality and practical value
A new numerical 2D model is proposed to assess the operation efficiency of the aerotank. A feature of the model is the ability to assess the operation of the aerotank, taking into account its geometric shape and location of additional plates in the structure. The simulated equations reflect the fundamental law of continuum mechanics – the law of mass conservation.
The developed numerical model makes it possible to determine the concentration field of the substrate and activated sludge in the bioreactor. The model can be useful when performing calculations in the case of designing biological treatment facilities or when reconstructing existing bioreactors.
Conclusions
In the article, a new numerical model has been developed that allows one to determine the aerotank operation efficiency, taking into account its geometric shape. The results of computational experiments show that the use of additional elements in the aerotank improves the efficiency of water purification.
In the future, this scientific direction should be developed in the field of development of numerical models for evaluating the aerotank operation efficiency based on the Navier-Stokes equation.
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М. М. БІЛЯЄВ1*, М. В. ЛЕМЕШ2*, В. В. БІЛЯЄВА3*, П. Б. МАШИХІНА4*, З. М. Якубовська5*
1*Каф.
«Гідравліка і водопостачання»,
Дніпровський національний університет
залізничного транспорту імені академіка
В. Лазаряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2,
Дніпро,
Україна, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 273 15 09,
ел. пошта
water.supply.treatment@gmail.com, ORCID 0000-0002-1230-8040
2*Каф.
«Гідравліка і водопостачання»,
Дніпровський національний
університет
залізничного транспорту імені академіка
В. Лазаряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2, Дніпро,
Україна, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 273 15 09, ел. пошта
water.supply.treatment@gmail.com,
ORCID 0000-0002-1531-7882
3*Каф.
«Аерогідромеханіка та енергомасоперенос»,
Дніпровський національний університет
імені Олеся Гончара,
пр. Гагаріна, 72, Дніпро, Україна,
49000, тел. +38 (056) 374
98 22,
ел. пошта water.supply.treatment@gmail.com,
ORCID 0000-0003-2399-3124
4*Каф.
«Гідравліка і водопостачання»,
Дніпровський національний університет
залізничного
транспорту імені академіка
В. Лазаряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2, Дніпро,
Україна, 49010,
тел. +38 (056) 273 15 09, ел. пошта
gidro_eko@ukr.net, ORCID 0000-0003-3057-9204
5*Каф.
«Фізика», Український
державний хіміко-технологічний
університет, пр. Гагаріна, 8,
Дніпро,
Україна, 49005, тел. +38 (056) 753 56 38, ел. пошта
physics@udhtu.edu.ua,
ORCID 0000-0002-9893-3479
КОМП’ЮТЕРНЕ
МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ПРОЦЕСІВ
БІОЛОГІЧНОГО
ОЧИЩЕННЯ СТІЧНИХ ВОД
В
АЕРОТЕНКАХ ІЗ ПЛАСТИНАМИ
Мета. Визначення ефективності роботи аеротенків на етапі проєктування або реконструкції біореакторів, у яких здійснюється біологічне очищення стічних вод, вимагає використання спеціальних математичних моделей і методів розрахунку. Основною метою статті є розробка CFD-моделі для оцінки ефективності роботи аеротенка. Методика. Для комп’ютерного розрахунку процесу біологічного очищення стічних вод в аеротенку, з урахуванням гідродинаміки, розроблена чисельна модель. В основу моделі покладено двовимірні рівняння збереження маси для субстрату та активного мулу та рівняння для потенціалу швидкості. Процес біологічного перетворення субстрату розраховано на базі моделі Monod. Для чисельного інтегрування рівнянь масопереносу активного мулу та субстрату використано поперемінно-трикутну різницеву схему розщеплення. При цьому базові рівняння розщеплено на два рівняння більш спрощеного вигляду. Для чисельного інтегрування рівняння для потенціалу швидкості здійснено його розщеплення на два одновимірних рівняння. Далі кожне рівняння розв’язано за явною схемою. Для чисельного інтегрування рівнянь, що описують процес трансформації субстрату на базі моделі Monod, використано метод Ейлера. Результати. Здійснено програмну реалізацію побудованої чисельної моделі. Наведено результати обчислювального експерименту з дослідження процесу очищення стічних вод в аеротенку за рахунок використання додаткових елементів у споруді–пластин. Це дозволяє зробити висновки, що управління якістю очищення стічних вод в аеротенках можливе за допомогою застосування пластин. Наукова новизна. Розроблено багатофакторну CFD-модель, що дозволяє швидко оцінити ефективність роботи аеротенка. Особливістю моделі є можливість оцінки роботи аеротенка з урахуванням його геометричної форми та розташування в споруді додаткових пластин. Практична значимість. Побудована чисельна модель може бути використана під час проведення розрахунків у випадку проєктування споруд аеротенків або під час визначення ефективності очищення стічних вод за нових умов експлуатації.
Ключові слова: очищення води; чисельне моделювання; аеротенк; модель Monod; CFD-моделі; біологічне очищення; стічні води; активний мул; концентрація забруднювальних речовин
Н. Н. БЕЛЯеВ1*, М. В. ЛЕМЕШ2*, В. В. БЕЛЯеВА3*, П. Б. МАШИХиНА4*, З. Н. ЯкубовскаЯ5*
1*Каф.
«Гидравлика и водоснабжение», Днипровский
национальный университет
железнодорожного
транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна,
ул. Лазаряна, 2,
Днипро, Украина, 49010, тел.
+38 (056) 273 15 09,
эл. почта
water.supply.treatment@gmail.com, ORCID 0000-0002-1230-8040
2*Каф.
«Гидравлика и водоснабжение», Днипровский
национальный университет
железнодорожного
транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна,
ул. Лазаряна, 2,
Днипро, Украина, 49010, тел.
+38 (056) 273 15 09,
эл. почта
water.supply.treatment@gmail.com, ORCID 0000-0002-1531-7882
3*Каф.
«Аэрогидромеханика и энергомассоперенос»,
Днипровский национальный
университет имени Олеся Гончара,
пр. Гагарина, 72, Днипро,
Украина, 49000,
тел. +38 (056) 374
98 22, эл. почта
water.supply.treatment@gmail.com,
ORCID 0000-0003-2399-3124
4*Каф.
«Гидравлика и водоснабжение», Днипровский
национальный университет
железнодорожного
транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна,
ул. Лазаряна, 2,
Днипро, Украина, 49010, тел.
+38 (056) 273 15 09, эл. почта gidro_eko@ukr.net,
ORCID
0000-0003-3057-9204
5*Каф.
«Физика»,
Украинский государственный
химико-технологический
университет,
пр. Гагарина, 8, Днипро, Украина, 49005,
тел. +38 (056) 753 56 38,
эл. почта physics@udhtu.edu.ua,
ORCID 0000-0002-9893-3479
КОМПЬЮТЕРНОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ
ПРОЦЕССОВ
БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ОЧИСТКИ СТОЧНЫХ
ВОД
В АЭРОТЕНКАХ С ПЛАСТИНАМИ
Цель. Определение эффективности работы аэротенка на этапе проектирования или реконструкции биореакторов, в которых осуществляется биологическая очистка сточных вод, требует использования специальных математических моделей и методов расчета. Основной целью статьи является разработка CFD-модели для оценки эффективности работы аэротенков. Методика. Для компьютерного расчета процесса биологической очистки сточных вод в аэротенках, с учётом гидродинамики, разработана численная модель. В основу модели заложены двухуровневые уравнения сохранения массы для субстрата и активного ила и уравнение для потенциала скорости. Процесс биологического преобразования субстрата рассчитан на базе модели Monod. Для численного интегрирования уравнений массопереноса активного ила и субстрата использована попеременно–треугольная разностная схема расщепления. При этом базовые уравнения разделены на два уравнения более упрощенного вида. Для численного интегрирования уравнения для потенциала скорости осуществлено его расщепление на два одномерных уравнения. Далее каждое уравнение решено по явной схеме. Для численного интегрирования уравнений, описывающих процесс трансформации субстрата на базе модели Monod, использован метод Эйлера. Результаты. Осуществлена программная реализация построенной численной модели. Приведены результаты вычислительного эксперимента по исследованию процесса очистки сточных вод в аэротенке за счет использования дополнительных элементов в сооружении – пластин. Это проводит к выводу, что управление качеством очистки сточных вод в аэротенках возможно с помощью применения пластин. Научная новизна. Разработана многофакторная CFD-модель, позволяющая быстро оценить эффективность работы аэротенка. Особенностью модели является возможность оценки работы аэротенка с учетом его геометрической формы и расположения в сооружении дополнительных пластин. Практическая значимость. Построенная численная модель может быть использована при проведении расчетов в случае проектирования сооружений аэротенков или при определении эффективности очистки сточных вод в новых условиях эксплуатации.
Ключевые слова: очистка воды; численное моделирование; аэротенк; модель Monod; CFD-модели; биологическая очистка; сточные воды; активный ил; концентрация загрязняющих веществ
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Received: 05.06.2020
Accepted: 07.10.2020
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
doi:
10.15802/stp2020/218302
©
M.
M.
Biliaiev,
M.
V. Lemesh,
V.
V. Biliaieva, P.
B. Mashykhina,
Z. M. Yakubovska,
2020