Introduction

Today there is an intensive pollution of the Earth and its waters with medical preparations and plastic. In the course of research in recent years, a large number of medical, veterinary drugs and plastics have been found in many ecosystems of the globe and even in such distant areas as the Arctic and Antarctica.

In our opinion, if you do not take serious measures, the harm from drugs may exceed their benefits. It is necessary to switch to the production of environmentally friendly medicines and to improve the methods and technology of water purification.

Monitoring water quality in various countries of the world has shown that water is contaminated with drugs and plastics to one degree or another, but especially water is contaminated near all major cities. Traces of drugs and plastic lead to the emergence of unknown diseases. For a long time, it was considered that after using the medications completely destroyed. It has now been established that more than half of the drugs consumed leave the body in a biologically active form, i.e. practically do not lose their properties. In large quantities they enter sewage and, from there, sources of drinking water.

There are currently no treatment facilities that can remove metabolites of drugs or other unregulated pollutants, such as personal care products. Metabolites of drugs are polar water-soluble substances, which are formed as a result of physical and biochemical processes [13]. The chemical reactions of metabolites in the aquatic ecosystem are still not fully understood. It should be borne in mind that drugs are initially developed with high biological activity, and, as a rule, they have high resistance in the environment. Since in many cases they are not biodegradable, even a low concentration of drugs and their metabolites can accumulate in the body of people, animals and fish [15].

There are a large number of ways in which drugs enter the surface waters. The main ones are: wastewater from pharmaceutical plants, municipal (municipal) treatment facilities, hospitals and landfills.

Today, the process of drug release into the environment through municipal wastewater treatment plants is best studied. It was established that not only the toilet, but also the bath and the washing machine serve as a source of pollution of lakes, rivers and oceans by flushing residual medicinal creams, lotions, ointments and gels into the sewage system [4]. The so-called active ingredients of pharmaceutical ingredients fall into drains and potentially pollute water and soil. Such substances include steroids (for example, cortisone and testosterone), acne preparations and other drugs. It is also noted that, in contrast to internal use, external medicinal products washed with water contain non-metabolizable drugs in their full form [8].

The concentration of drugs is different, but generally small, but scientists are seriously concerned about the possible consequences of prolonged use of even small doses of drugs with drinking water.

The greatest danger from the presence of drugs in water is that all these chemicals are consumed together. Researchers do not know what effect combinations of pharmaceuticals have on the body.

Purpose

The problem of drinking water quality worries millions of people in Ukraine and the world, regardless of the regions in which they live.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the presence in Ukraine and the world of the residual amount of drugs in water, as well as develop the technology and provide a technological scheme for purifying water from oil-fat-cream containing drugs and, on the basis of global and personal experience, and also provide technology for cleaning municipal wastewater.

Methodology

Wastewater from drug manufacturing plants are formed [9]:

– in the preparation of raw materials;

– in technological processes of obtaining intermediate and finished products;

– at regeneration and utilization of solvents;

– at water purification of gas emissions;

– in the processes of filtration, extraction, chemical cleaning of drugs;

– when washing equipment, etc.

Tables 1 and 2 show the amount of industrial wastewater and their characteristics, which are formed during the preparation of some common medicinal preparations [9].

Findings

The highest contamination is characteristic of uterine and concentrated solutions, the discharge of which into the sewer system is unacceptable. In particular, the concentrated solution formed during the production of amidopirin is characterized by a COD equal to 64000 mg/dm³, the dry residue is 40000 mg/dm³, the dilution threshold for the destruction of the color is 1: 250.

The nomenclature and quantity of products produced by enterprises for the production of medicines, as a rule, are not constant, but change during the year and even in a shorter period, therefore it is impossible to determine the composition of wastewater, which would be constant and characteristic of the enterprise as a whole [9].

The analysis of the cost structure of wastewater treatment once again confirmed the important conclusion that mechanical purification is to some extent the cheapest method, and therefore the most profound wastewater treatment by mechanical methods is always advisable [5].

This conclusion primarily requires that the technology and equipment for the retention of mechanical inclusions from wastewater provide the maximum retention of coarse impurities to reduce the dry mass of the raw sludge and, accordingly, associated problems. (Pig. 1) For trapping fat, plastic [11, 12], pieces of fat, etc., we use filtering machines – arc sieves, OSO centrifugal sieves, flat screens, etc. [5].

The sizes of the filtering holes vary widely: from 20 mm (gratings at pumping stations) to 0.07-0.1 – 1.0 mm (arc sieves, screens, etc.). Slot-shaped sieves with trapezoidal openings are installed on the strainers, which are not clogged by suspended wastewater particles [5].

Pic. 2. Oil-fat-cream trap with thin-layer
coalescent blocks

One of the effective methods of wastewater treatment from hydrophobic contaminants, including oils, esters, petroleum products and other substances is PCM – flotation (physico-chemical method) with dispersed air and gas bubbles [5]. The result of this process in different conditions depends on the size of the air bubbles: with a decrease in their diameter, the cleaning efficiency increases.

There are several types of flotation. The most common is the method of pressure flotation, in which fine air bubbles are formed due to changes in the partial pressure of the water-air solution obtained by pre-saturation of water with air under pressure of 4-5 atm. This method is considered to be the most effective, as it provides a fairly stable dispersed composition of air bubbles, but it also has its drawbacks.

Another method is impeller flotation, in which the dispersion of air is carried out with the help of an impeller. The air is drawn from the atmosphere into the zone of its action and is crushed into small bubbles. Many designs of impeller dispersants are known, but the designs in which the impeller rotates inside the stator are most interesting.

Impeller flotation has found wide use of minerals, in the field of wastewater treatment, the use of this method is still limited. Research on the use of impeller flotation to extract fat from wastewater generated during the washing of wool was conducted at the «NII VODGEO» (integrated scientific research and design and technological institute of water supply, sewerage, hydrotechnical structures and engineering hydrogeology) [5]. The effect of fat extraction reache 94% with a duration of treatment of 1 hour. Due to the high content of surfactants (soaps, fatty acids) in wool-rich water, up to 87% of water can be transferred to the froth product.

The studies of the application of this method for sewage treatment of meat processing plants are known [18].

It is noted that in the two-chamber flotation machine M6 (Mekhanobr developer), with the duration of wastewater treatment for 15 minutes, the effect of water purification from fat reached 70%, by suspended substances – 64%.

Extensive studies of the application of this method for the treatment of wastewater of fish factories were conducted at the Petersburg University of Civil Engineering, a high degree of extraction of fats (99%) and suspended substances (86.5%) was established.

In all these works, studies were carried out on flotation machines manufactured by industry for the enrichment of mineral resources.

Thus, in our technological scheme we use flotation units of two types – pressure and impeller. To improve the efficiency of flotation treatment of industrial wastewater after pharmaceutical companies, we recommend the addition of various reagents:

pH regulators, determined experimentally;

– coagulants and flocculants – for the formation of hydrophobic complexes in order to increase the efficiency of the process, determined experimentally;

– oxidizers (for example, hydrogen peroxide H₂O₂), which contribute to the oxidation of many drugs [4]; the concentration of the dosage of the reagent is determined experimentally.

Our industrial tests at a railway enterprise for deep cleaning of oily waste water using 2-stage flotation (pressure and impeller) with additional treatment on filters with urethane foam (1st stage) and on adsorption filters (stage 2), allowed reduce the oil content from 20,000 to 0.05 mg/dm³ [5].

As noted above, our and foreign municipal (city) wastewater treatment plants do not have facilities for separating and treating water from plastic and residues of drugs. We have attempted to develop a technology and technological scheme for the treatment of municipal (urban) wastewater treatment (Pig. 3) and drinking water (Pig. 4) for the population from the above-mentioned pollution.

For the separation of coarse contaminants in wastewater, the stations have standard gratings of various designs with openings no more than 16 mm, in other countries the openings size was changed to a smaller one (about 6-10 mm). At the same time, the size of the plastic coming with water for cleaning can be as a human hair [5].

The authors of this material conducted studies to determine the content of plastic in drinking tap water in the cities of the Dnipro and Zaporizhia. For example, drinking water from the tap contains from 4 to 10 particles of plastic per liter of water, the size of which exceeds 100 microns, that is, the average thickness of a human hair. And in bottled water of well-known trademarks «Morshinska» and «BUVETTE» contains from 49 to 102 particles of plastic per liter of water [5].

We propose, after gratings, to put vibrating or inertial screens on which slit-like sieves with hole sizes from 0.07 to 0.25 mm will stand. Such slotted sieves will be able to trap not only plastic, but also coarse sand. In order to save electricity, instead of vibrating or inertial screens, fixed [2, 11] arc sieves can be installed (Pic.5).

We propose to place vibrating or inertial screens after the gratings, on which slit-like sieves with hole sizes from 0.07 to 0.25 mm should stand. Such sieves are capable of not only plastic, but also coarse sand. In order to save electricity, instead of vibrating or inertial screens, fixed [2, 11] arc sieves can be installed (Pig. 5).

Slit screen stainless steel screens are used as flat maps, arc screens and centrifuges for dewatering, filtration washing, drying and sorting of various bulk and lump materials. They are used in the mining, chemical and food industries [17]. They are made of profiled trapezoidal grates, arranged in parallel on the transverse stiffening ribs or on the connecting pins. Stainless steel grade 12 × 18Н10Т or its analogues are used as the material. The slot size varies from 0.07 to 20 mm.

The company «ROTO-SIEVE» (Sweden) produces rotating sieves for pre-treatment of wastewater. This equipment has been successfully used in many countries [16].

Pic 3. Technological scheme
of purification of municipal (urban)
waste waters from residues
of drugs and plastics (proposed)

Pic. 4. Technological scheme of purification
of drinking water from the residues
of drugs and plastic (proposed)

For the purification of waste and drinking water from the remnants of medicines we have chosen chemical methods [4, 8, 12]. Chemical water purification is used in cases where the release of contaminants, including drugs, is possible only as
a result of a chemical reaction between the impurity (drug) and the reagent, with the formation of new substances that are easily removed from the water. For such purification, oxidation reactions are used, transfer of harmful impurities into harmless ones, neutralization by the ozonation method [3, 4].

Pic. 5. Arc sieve:
1 – welded closed box; 2 – semi-cylindrical slit sieve;
3 – loading opening, 4 – metal sheet, to regulate the size of the loading slot; 5 – screws for adjusting the gap;
6 – support from the corners; 7 – wooden wedges.

The redox potential of ozone is higher than that of oxygen and chlorine, as a result of which it has a higher oxidative and bactericidal effect. It should be noted that water treatment with ozone or ultraviolet rays almost completely supplanted chlorination at water treatment plants in many countries of Western Europe (Switzerland, France, Norway, etc.) [12]. In Ukraine, the use of these environmentally efficient technologies is limited due to the significant cost of retooling and reconstruction of water treatment plants, but this must be done.

Ozonation includes both direct oxidation of organic compounds or disinfection with ozone dissolved in water, and oxidative processes involving hydroxyl radicals resulting from chemical transformations of salts. It is the latest processes that are considered as new oxidation technologies. At the same time, if the standard ozone reduction potential is 2.07 V, then for hydroxyl radicals this indicator reaches 2.8 V [8].

The formation of hydroxyl radicals as a result of the transformation of ozone in an aqueous medium increases in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, catalysts, activated carbon, when ozonation is combined with ultraviolet radiation and ultrasonic treatment [8].

Conclusions

Currently, there is intense pollution of the Earth’s waters with medicines and plastics. In the course of research in recent years, a large number of medical and veterinary drugs and plastics have been found in many ecosystems of the globe and even in such remote areas as the Arctic and Antarctica.

Scientists from all over the world have discovered various groups of drugs in rivers, lakes and deep aquifers:

– antibiotics;

– anti-inflammatory drugs;

– steroid hormones;

– - contraceptives;

–cardiovascular drugs;

–antiepileptic drugs;

–drugs for weight loss and obesity fight;

–highly toxic anticancer drugs;

–cosmetics and perfumery products;

–antidepressants, psychotropic, sleeping pills;

– contrast agents used in x-ray diagnostic;

– antifungal agents.

Another environmental threat on a global scale is the presence of plastic in various waters, including drinking and waste waters.

There are two ways to solve these problems:

• The first is the creation of environmentally friendly medicines, the creation of biodegradable plastics or the prohibition of their manufacture;

• the second – the improvement of existing and the creation of new effective methods, technologies and technological schemes for the purification of water from medical preparations and plastics.

We have developed a technology, facilities and a technological scheme for the purification of industrial waste pharmaceutical enterprises from oil-fat-cream containing drugs and plastics. This technology uses high-performance mechanical cleaning facilities – oil-fat-cream trap with coalescent thin-layer blocks and 2-step flotation cleaning – with pressure and impeller flotation cells (physical and chemical cleaning).

For trapping plastic in all enterprises where wastewater and drinking water are treated, we propose constructions – strainers (vibrating and inertial screens, arc screens, etc.) with a hole diameter from 0.07 to 0.25 mm in slit-shaped screens.

To purify water from residues of drugs at municipal stations for the preparation of drinking water and wastewater treatment, technologies have been developed using chemical methods (ozone and hydrogen peroxide).

The use of these environmentally efficient technologies in Ukraine will allow obtaining high-quality drinking water, but will require re-equipment and reconstruction of water treatment plants.

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Л. Ф. ДОЛИНА^1*, П. Б. МАШИХІНА^2*, Д. А. ДОЛИНА^3*

^1*Каф. «Гідравліка та водопостачання», Дніпровський національний університет
залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2, Дніпро,
Україна, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 273 15 09,
ел. пошта water.supply.treatment@gmail.com, ORCID 0000-0001-6082-7091
^2*Каф. «Гідравліка та водопостачання», Дніпровський національний університет
залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2, Дніпро,
Україна, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 273 15 09, ел. пошта gidro_eko@ukr.net,
ORCID 0000-0003-3057-9204
^3*Головне управління Державної фіскальної служби (ДФС), вул. Шолуденка, 33,
Київ, Україна, 04116, тел. +38 (050) 164 22 32, ел. пошта dogni06@gmail.com,
ORCID 0000-0000-0002-2962-2722

ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ ОЧИщення ВОДи ВІД

ЗАЛИШКІВ ЛІКАРСЬКИХ ПРЕПАРАТІВ

ТА ПЛАСТИКУ

Мета. Основна мета статті – розробити технологію очищення води від залишків масло-жиро-крем вмісних ліків, зокрема технологію очищення міських (муніципальних) стічних вод від пластику і залишків лікарських препаратів. Методика. Дослідження виконані на підставі аналізу наукових джерел і звітних даних про наявність ліків і пластику у водах України, європейських країнах, США. Результати. Автори представляють результати комплексного розгляду питань, пов’язаних із визначенням наявності ліків у різних водах, їх концентрацій і найбільш небезпечних лікарських препаратів-токсикантів. Медикаменти й пластик можуть накопичуватися не тільки в організмі людей і тварин, а й у морській і річковій рибі і т. д. Присутність в організмі ліків і пластику негативно впливає на здоров’я. Очисні споруди України та світу недостатньо пристосовані для виявлення у воді ліків і пластику, її очищення. Наукова новизна. Автори цієї статті провели дослідження з визначення вмісту пластику в питній водопровідній воді міст Дніпра й Запоріжжя. Питна вода з-під крана містить менше частинок пластику, ніж бутильована вода відомих українських торгових брендів. Розроблені технологічні схеми з очищення стічних вод фармацевтичних підприємств із виготовлення кремів, мазей, масел та іншої продукції для лікування й косметичних цілей. Запропоновано споруди й методи для очищення вод від зазначених, забруднень, які не використовували раніше на станціях очистки вод, але успішно застосовують в інших галузях промисловості. Практична значимість. Застосування в Україні екологічно ефективних технологій дозволить отримувати високоякісну питну воду, проте вимагає переобладнання й реконструкції водоочисних станцій. Для цього потрібно передбачити відповідні статті за основним фінансуванням. У наш час в Україні (навіть у Києві) немає станцій з очищення питної і стічних вод, на яких би використовувались сучасні технології і споруди, але ж якісна вода – це здоров’я і життя людей.

Ключові слова: очищення стічних вод; очищення питної води; пластик у стічній та питній водах; ліки в стічних водах; нові джерела питної води; технологічна схема з очищення вод; концентрація небезпечних ліків у воді

Л. Ф. ДОЛИНА^1*, П. Б. МАШИХИНА^2*, Д. А. ДОЛИНА^3*

^1*Каф. «Гидравлика и водоснабжение», Днипровский национальный университет
железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна, ул. Лазаряна, 2,
Днипро, Украина, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 273 15 09,
эл. почта water.supply.treatment@gmail.com, ORCID 0000-0001-6082-7091
^2*Каф. «Гидравлика и водоснабжение», Днипровский национальный университет
железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна, ул. Лазаряна, 2,
Днипро, Украина, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 273 15 09, эл. почта gidro_eko@ukr.net,
ORCID 0000-0003-3057-9204
^3*Главное управление Государственной фискальной службы (ГФС),
ул. Шолуденко, 33, Киев, Украина, 04116, тел. +38 (050) 164 22 32,
эл. почта dogni06@gmail.com, ORCID 0000-0000-0002-2962-2722

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ОЧИСТКИ ВОДЫ ОТ

ОСТАТКОВ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ

ПРЕПАРАТОВ И ПЛАСТИКА

Цель. Основная цель статьи – разработать технологию очистки воды от остатков масло-жиро-крем содержащих лекарств, в частности технологию очистки городских (муниципальных) сточных вод от пластика и остатков лекарственных препаратов. Методика. Исследования выполнены на основании анализа научных источников и отчетных данных о наличии лекарств и пластика в воде Украины, европейских странах, США. Результаты. Авторы представляют результаты комплексного рассмотрения вопросов, связанных с определением наличия лекарств в различных водах, их концентраций и наиболее опасных лекарственных препаратов-токсикантов. Медикаменты и пластик могут накапливаться не только в организме людей и животных, но и в морской и речной рыбе и т. д. Присутствие в организме лекарств и пластика оказывает негативное влияние на здоровье. Очистные сооружения Украины и мира недостаточно приспособлены для обнаружения в воде лекарств и пластика, её очистки. Научная новизна. Авторы этой статьи провели исследования по определению содержания пластика в питьевой водопроводной воде городов Днепра и Запорожья. В питьевой воде из-под крана содержится меньше частиц пластика, чем в бутилированной воде известных украинских торговых брендов. Разработаны технологические схемы по очистке сточных вод фармацевтических предприятий по изготовлению кремов, мазей, масел и другой продукции для лечения и косметических целей. Предложены сооружения и методы для очистки вод от указанных загрязнений, которые не использовали ранее на станциях очистки вод, но успешно применяют в других отраслях промышленности. Практическая значимость. Применение в Украине экологически эффективных технологий позволит получать высококачественную питьевую воду, однако потребует переоборудования и реконструкции водоочистных станций. Для этого нужно предусмотреть соответствующие статьи по основному финансированию. В настоящее время в Украине (даже в Киеве) нет станций по очистке питьевой и сточных вод, на которых бы использовались современные технологии и сооружения, а ведь качественная вода – это здоровье и жизнь людей.

Ключевые слова: очистка сточных вод; очистка питьевой воды; пластик в сточной и питьевой воде; лекарства в сточных водах; новые источники питьевой воды; технологическая схема по очистке воды; концентрация опасных лекарств в воде

View pro- ducts	Average annual volume of waste- water, m3 per 1 ton of products	Concentration of pollution, mg/dm³							BOD mgO2 / dm3	COD, mgO2 / dm3	рН
		Suspen- ded substan- ces	Nitro- gen ammo- nium	Chlo- rides	Sul- fates	Buta- nol	Bu- tyl ace- tate	Other sub- stances
Vita- mins: С, В₂, В₆	from 66 to 4230	from 70 to 1 500	from 18.8 to 33	from 100 to 1100	from 28 to 320	–	–	2.4 (phosp- horus) 12 (cyanide)	from 420 to 2430	from 610 to 5400	from 4 to 11
Anti- biotics: phenoxy- pheni- cillin, hydroxy tetracyc- line, strepto- mycin, benzyl- peni- cillin	from 4230 to 9860	from 100 to 300	from 2 to 40	–	–	from 200 to 800	from 200 to 800	metha- nol antibio- tics	from 1 500 to 2 500	from 2 500 to 4 000	from 6,0 to 7,5
Syn- the- tic drugs: amido- pyrine, caffeine, norsul- fazole, sulfo- mezin furat- selin, hexanal, chloroe- thane	from 1400 to 9800	210	175 – 38	2 300 – 2 200	2 390 – 325	-	-	816 (zinc) 9 (phosp- horus )	4 870 – 2 756	7 850 – 3 650

View products	рН	Fat,. mg / l	Glycerol, mg / l	Petrol, mg / l	BOD mgO2 / dm3	COD, mgO2 / dm3
Oil extraction	7	200		180-300	1 200	1 500
Hydrogenation	5	100			200	250
Refining	9	20 000			40 000	50 000
Margarine	9	7 000			1 400	15 000
Mayonnaise	8	16 000			33 000	38 000
Soap making	10	20 000	20 000		10 000	120 000
Glycerol and LCD	6	150	200		500	600

UDC 628.3:628.4.046