ISSN 2307–3489 (Print), ІSSN 2307–6666 (Online)

Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вісник Дніпропетровського
національного університету залізничного транспорту, 201
9, № 3 (81)



ЗАЛІЗНИЧНА КОЛІЯ ТА АВТОМОБІЛЬНІ ДОРОГИ

ЗАЛІЗНИЧНА КОЛІЯ та автомобільні дороги

UDC 625.143.46:678.5-026.569

A. NEMETH1*, S. FISCHER2

1*Dep. Transport Infastructure and Water Resources EngineeringІ,
Szechenyi Istvan University, Egyetem Sq., 1, Gyor, Hungary,
9026, tel. + 36 (96) 613 544, e-mail nemeth.attila@sze.hu,
ORCID 0000-0002-3477-6902
2Dep. Transport Infastructure and Water Resources EngineeringІ,
Szechenyi Istvan University, Egyetem Sq., 1, Gyor, Hungary,
9026, tel. + 36 (96) 613 544, e-mail fischersz@sze.hu,
ORCID 0000-0001-7298-9960

LABORATORY TEST RESULTS

OF GLUED INSULATED RAIL

JOINTS ASSEMBLED WITH

TRADITIONAL STEEL AND

FIBRE-GLASS REINFORCED

RESIN-BONDED FISHPLATES

Purpose. The authors’ aim is to evaluate more precisely the deterioration process of glued insulated rail joints with polimer-composite and steel fishplates regarding to own laboratory tests. Methodology. The laboratory tests were executed by three-point static and three-point dynamic (fatigue) bending tests’ measurement results related to glued insulated rail joints with fibre-glass reinforced polymer-composite fishplates (brand: APATECH). During the research the static three-point bending tests were performed on rail joints assembled with three different rail profiles (MÁV48, 54E1 (UIC54) and 60E1 (UIC60)) with three specimens, measured on 13 different support bay values before fatigue test, as well as after 3.5 million loading cycles (the degradations process was checked after every 0.5 million cycles) on polymer-composite and steel fishplated rail joints. Findings. The investigation of fiber-glass reinforced and steel fishplated rail joints (three-point static and dynamic bending laboratory tests) are in progress. Considering to them, the mechanical deterioration processes were able to be determined by measurements of deflection values compared to original ones (i.e. before fatigue tests). The differences can be pointed out by analysis of measurement results related to both types of glued insulated rail joints (steel and polymer-composite fishplated ones). Originality. The goal of this research is to investigate the application of this new type of glued insulated rail joint and to determine the ultimate lifetime of the investigated rail joints, e.g. how much time they can be safely held in the railway track without damage. In the international literature no one has investigated this field of glued insulated rail joints. Practical value. The fibre glass reinforced resin-bonded fishplated glued insulated rail joints and ‘control’ steel fishplated glued insulated rail joints were built into railway line (between Kelenföld and Hegyeshalom state border) in Hungary at three different locations. In this article the investigation of deterioration process of glued-insulated rail joints and steel fishplated glued insulated rail joints are demonstrated only by laboratory bending tests.

Keywords: laboratory tests; fibre glass; fishplate; railway joint; degradation

Purpose

In this paper the authors summarize the laboratory three-point bending tests results related to glued insulated rail joints with special fibre-glass resin-bonded (Russian branded, exact type: APATECH) reinforced plastic fishplates, as well as traditional steel fishplates. Regarding to fisplated glued insulated rail joints the most problems are the false railway control signs due to rail ends failures which resulting the railway capacity restriction. Other problems are for example the implementation of glue material, endposts, rail ends and wear of rail profile inner corner and plastic deformation.

In the international literature the researchers have been dealt with the following subtopics related to insulated or glued insulated rail joints:

Foreign research teams used the methods as follows:

The authors’ aim is to compare the behavior of polymer-composite fishplated (fishplate type: APATECH, rail joint type so called MTH-AP), as well as control steel fishplated (type GTI and MTH-P) glued insulated rail joints in railway track and determine the exact deterioration process as a function of loading cycles (or elapsed time). The authors’ future task is to investigate and perform diagnostic analysis of experimental (with fibre-glass reinforced fishplates) and control (with traditional steel fishplates) glued insulated rail joints from straightness tests and track geometry recording car measurements and determine the variation of state characteristics of these rail joints.

This article is the continuation of the authors previous papers [25, 45, 46, 47]

Methodology

In this chapter the history of authors’ research related to laboratory tests is presented. These tests were executed with three pieces of specimens, one specimen for MÁV48 (48.3 kg/m and 48.5 kg/m), one for 54E1 (54.43 kg/m) and one for 60E1 (60.21 kg/m) rail profiles, which assembled by MÁV‑THERMIT Ltd. in 2016.

Before starting the laboratory tests, the authors had to determine the laboratory test parameters. It should be mentioned, that there isn’t currently valid European or national standard or technical specification for the polymer-composite fishplated glued insulated rail joints, therefore CEN/CENELEC: WG18/DG11 [15] standard was applied, which refers to the steel fishlpated glued insulated rail joints laboratory tests. The examined formation of glued insulated rail joints with APATECH branded fishplates in railway track are shown in Fig 1.


Fig. 1. Glued insulated rail joints with special fibre-glass reinforced plastic (polymer-composite)
fishplates (brand: APATECH) in railway track (authors’ photo)

During the first part (Research + Development between 2015-2017 years) of the three-point laboratory bending test series the considered parameters, characteristics, the process of testing were as below.

Static shear tests of glue materials

There were 2 periods of shear test series of glue materials: 54 pieces of glued specimens (c.a. 150-200 mm long rail, 300-400 mm long fishplates glued on both sides) were prepared and they were tested. The laboratory tests were executed with 8 different types of glue materials. Based on the calculated shear strength values the ІBІ and ІAІ glue material were chosen for further laboratory tests [25, 45, 46, 47]. The reason that these types were chosen: glue material ІBІ is commonly applied at Österreichische Bundesbahnen (ÖBB, Austrian Railways) for glued insulated rail joints, glue material ІAІ had very high shear strength.

Bending tests

During the static three-point bending, fatigue (dynamic) and static bending breakage tests the authors defined the parameters, according to the standard [15], as well as Zimmermann-Eisenmann superstructure calculation method, the values of bending moments were calculated separately for different rail profiles depending on the maximal loading force and the supporting interval. The computed values of bending moments are shown in Table 1 (specimens were assembled by MÁV-THERMIT Ltd.). The testing parameters were the followings:

Meanwhile the three-point bending tests (before fatigue and after fatigue) the maximum vertical displacement in middle of the bay (thousandth mm precisely) depends on the maximum force, these parameters were measured and recorded.

Results of these laboratory tests were published in [25].

Table 1

Calculated values of bending moments

Rail profile

Support bay [mm]

Max vertical force [kN]

Bending moment [kNm]

60E1

1 490

114.44

42.63

1 200

142.10

1 000

170.52

54E1

1 490

109.66

40.85

1 200

136.17

1 000

163.40

MÁV 48

1 490

93.18

34.71

1 200

115.70

1 000

138.84


During the 2nd part of the research (additional tests that are supported by the ÚNKP-18-3 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities) the authors executed more laboratory tests, namely additional (supplementary) three-point bending tests. The considered parameters, characteristics, the process of testing were the followings (Fig. 2.):


Fig. 2. The 3-point bending test arrangement of the laboratory measurement

The authors give an example for the required time period related to laboratory tests: the value of dynamic bending moment according to 54 rail profile specimens on 1200 mm support bay:
F
min=5 kN, Fmax=136.2 kN, f=5 Hz sine signal (Mmax=40.85 kNm) 0.5 million loading cycles required approx. 27.77 hours. Completion of fatigue test with 3.5 million loading cycles for one specimen is about 194.44 hours.

The goal was to evaluate the more accurate deterioration process of glued insulated fishplated rail joints.

Findings

In the followings additional results of three-point bending tests are introduced.

During the first part of the test-series [25, 45, 46, 47] (before fatigue and after fatigue) vertical displacement in the middle of the bay length as a function of vertical force value were measured and recorded. After the test it was experienced that the vertical displacement values related to applied maximum vertical force values were higher for polymer-composite fishplated glued insulted rail joints than the limit value prescribed for steel fishplated rail joints in standard [15] but the tested specimens were passed the laboratory tests without any problems. So the fatigue tests were done without any crackings, failures and breakages, there was not any visual failure neither on the fishplates nor on the rail end posts.

Symmetric support bay layout

After the the second part of test series (i.e. the additional laboratory tests, supported by ÚNKP‑18‑3) the sentenced findings are the followings:



Fig. 3. Average deflection as a function of applied vertical force
(48 rail profile, 1000 mm support bay length)

Fig. 4. Deflection ‘curve’ for the whole length rail joint specimen
(48 rail profile, 900 mm support bay length, symmetric layout)


Fig. 5. The stiffness characteristic values as a function of support bay lengths (48 rail profile)


Depiction of measured vertical displacement values (in 9 different points along the specimens), illustration and calculation of the area below the graphs (i.e. integer, with trapezoid rule) – to be able to check the state change process of specimens according to fatigue loading cycles. The area (integer) values were computed from the values below the ‘curve’ that is illustrated in Fig. 6 for every support bay length value related to specimen with 48 rail profile with applied maximum vertical force. Determination of the ratio relative to the first measured data related to every support bay length, it seems there is linear correlation between this parameter and the support bay length values for all three rail profiles.

Fig. 6. The calculated area values under the curve as a function of support bay lengths (48 rail profile specimen)


Asymmetric support bay layout

After 3.5 million loading cycles bending tests were performed on asymmetric support bay layouts for all the rail joint specimens (polimer-composite and steel fishplated joints, too) between 600 and 900 mm. Measurements were executed similarly to the symmetric layout, however, this (asymmetric layout) was measured only after 3.5 million fatigue loading cycles. The values were calculated and compared relatively to the results from symmetric layout after 3.5 million loading cycles. Values were recorded for three different support layouts per support bay length values (e.g. on 600 mm support bay layout the arrangements from the middle of the specimen were the following: 150-450 mm, 200-400 mm and 250‑350 mm).

Originality and practical value

The role of the glued insulated rail joints with fishplates is to ensure the continuity of rails without horizontal and vertical steps, avoiding the directional ‘refraction’ between rail ends. Rail joints are the weak points of the track, because their fishplates can compensate only the 60% of the moment of inertia of the rail. Wheels hits the following rail end during through-rolling the rail end gap, which is disadvantageous for the whole railway super- and substructure, too. Dynamic effects are much higher in case of vertical and/or horizontal steps.

Insulated rail joints can be applied in suspended and supported joints depending on their type in case of value of sleeper space and wheel load prescribed by manufacturer. High tensile strength bolts with great forces are used to ‘press’ fishplates and rail together. In this way high friction force can be achieved, it causes that the high tensile forces cannot open the rail joints. Plastic profile lining plate (end post) is built between rail ends. Insulated rail joints can be produced in plant as prefabricated elements with given length rails, as well as on the field, where they are assembled.

The usage of glued insulated rail joints with glass-fibre reinforced plastic fishplates is able to eliminate the electric fishplate circuit and early fatigue deflection and it can ensure the isolation of rails’ ends from each other by aspect of electric conductivity.

After the first series of laboratory tests, rail joints for field tests were manufactured with usage of ‘A’ type glue material. The polymer-composite fishplated glued insulated rail joints and the assigned control glued insulated rail joints (for comparison) were built-in the track in four different locations, with three different rail profiles, for three different speed categories (Biatorbágy, Tatabánya, Győr, Lébény-Mosonszentmiklós railway stations, every is in the MÁV No. 1 main railway line, Kelenföld-Hegyeshalom state border). According to railway maintenance experiences of Hungarian Railways (MÁV) and Raaberbahn, Győr-Sopron-Ebenfurth Railway (ROeEE, in Hungarian: GYSEV), glued insulated steel fishplated rail joints need a lot of maintenance source (money and work) due to rail deformations (settlements). Usage of plastic fishplated glued insulated rail joints can be solution to the problems of keeping the construction specifications in place during installation into railway track.

Conclusions

The authors represented the results of additional laboratory tests on glued insulated rail joints with traditional steel fishplates, as well as fibre-glass reinforced plastic fishplates. The aim of this research was to determine the ultimate lifetime of the investigated glued insulated rail joints by laboratory three-point static and dynamic bending tests.

The authors sentenced the following important facts derived from this part of their research.

The authors tried to investigate and analyse the conformity of the glued-insulated rail joints with glass-fibre reinforced plastic fishplates (brand of fishplates: APATECH) according to laboratory and field tests. Glue material type “AІ was chosen for the detailed laboratory tests series, as well as for field tests. This type of adhesive material had very high shear strength during laboratory tests, and it ensured good initial results from bending tests, as well as axial pulling tests.

The main goal should be to compare the behaviour of different types of glued insulated rail joints (i.e. traditional steel fishplated one, as well as plastic fishplated one). The traditional steel fishplated glued insulated rail joints are commonly applied at most Railways/Railway Companies, but there are some problems with them, e.g. the so called short circuit due to rail ends’ plastic deformation (e.g. ratchetting, etc.), or failure of end posts, or electric insulation problem between fishplates and rails, breakage, etc. Glass-fibre reinforced fishplates are produced of electric insulation material, so no further insulation layer is needed. It should be mentioned that the expected deformation of glued insulated rail joints with this kind of plastic fishplates are resulted with higher deformation values (vertical deflections, settlements). This fact was verified by the authors’ measurement results.

The test series of the authors consisted not only laboratory tests [25] but field tests (in real railway track [25, 45, 46, 47]).

The authors would like to define the accurate deterioration process of the investigated glued insulated rail joints as a function of loading cycles. They applied three different rail profiles, many support bay length values, as well as symmetric and asymmetric support bay layouts, too. The laboratory dynamic fatigue tests are useful because they can simulate loading of many years (e.g. the applied 3.5 million loading cycles means more than 5 years related to the Hungarian No. 1 main railway line, Kelenföld-Hegyeshalom state border), but it needs only 194.44 hours in the laboratory, as well as laboratory tests ensure (ideal) controlled and regulated test conditions.

The authors determined in [47] that the glued insulated rail joints with Apatech branded fishplates – on the basis of railway track measurements – are not a general solution for replacing the steel fishplated glued insulated rail joints in the CWR railway tracks. The authors think that not only static but dynamic railway track measurements of glued insulated rail joints as well as their assessment can be a very interested research direction in the future.

The authors applied ultimate 3.5 million loading cycles during their laboratory tests, but it has to be mentioned that the European standard for steel fishplated glued insulated rail joints requires only 3.0 million. It has to be mentioned that e.g. in Austria this requirement is stricter than the European standard, i.e. the number of prescribed minimum fatigue loading cycles is 5.0 million [67].


More parameters were calculated in this article from the results of three-point bending tests:

These parameters and their change were defined as a function of loading cycles, support bay values for different rail profiles, as well as for steel and glass-fibre fishplated glued insulated rail joints.

The presentation of the measured results can be performed by their original values, as well as ratio to the measured value for the same support bay length and same rail profiles, glued specimen, before fatigue test state. Or in other case, it can be compared to the cases, without glueing. In this way very expressive graph can be prepared.

Summarizely, glueing ensure approx. 2.5 times differences in the calculated parameters (compared to ‘without glueing’ cases, of course), it means glueing reduces elastic deformation (for the same given loading) related to insulated rail joints with glass-fibre reinforced approx. 2.5 times.

It should be mentioned that the increasing loading cycles raise the evolved deformations compared to the initial stage (before fatigue), e.g. glued insulated rail joint with 48 rail profile resulted with approx. 80%, with 54 rail profile 70%, as well as with 60 rail profile 90% is the stiffness characteristic value after 3.5 million loading cycles.

In case the stiffness characteristic values after 3.5 million loading cycles are calculated for steel fishplates as well as plastic fishplates, the results are the following related to 900 and 1200 mm support bay length values correlated to glued insulated rail joint specimens with plastic fishplates, before fatigue test:

It can be concluded that the laboratory tests ‘use’ simple two-supports mechanical structure model, but in reality the mechanical structure model is much more complicated, e.g. continuous beam with more supports that can elastically or plastically settle. This kind of model is e.g. Zimmermann or the enhanced Zimmermann-Eisenmann model. In case continuous beam with more rigid supports is considered, the maximum bending moment decreased with 24.5% (i.e. Winkler model, M=0.1888×F×L, where ‘M’ is the bending moment in kNm unit, ‘F’ is the vertical force in kN unit, and ‘L’ is the support bay length in m unit; correlated to the M=0.25×F×L equation).

According to the measurement results it can be an opportunity to be able to calculate deflection values, stiffness characteristic values, or ‘area under the curve’ values for variant support bay length or variant loading cycles. It should be mentioned that these values are able to be only ‘prognosed’ values.

In case the stiffness characteristic value is considered (as a function of loading cycles), there can be determined two separate sections related to plastic fishplated glued insulated rail joints:

In the 1st section the tangent of the linear regression function is much higher than in the 2nd section, where the ‘lines’ tend to be plain. The tangent values of the graphs (in case the stiffness characteristic value in kN/mm/m unit) for 48 and 54 rail profiles are approx. –0.07, for 60 rail profile is approx. –0.03. It results that glued insulated rail joints with fibre-glass reinforced plastic fishplates with 60 rail profiles are 2.33 times ‘stiffer’ than the other two ones – related to stiffness characteristic value, considering applied loading cycles.

In case Fig. 4 is considered, it can be stated that the glued insulated rail joints with fishplated results a so called ‘knuckle’ in the rail, because the deflection ‘curve’ has a ‘refraction point’ in the line of vertical force, in this way the continuous beam structure model isn’t the best solution for modelling and calculations.

The authors sentence that at this stage of the research (given stage of data processing of results) it can’t finish with accurate result for the lifetime of the tested glued insulated rail joints. However, it can be seen that the failure won’t be/isn’t assumed in the next some 100.000 loading cycles, maybe nor in the next some million loading cycles.

Based on the field tests there were no structural and geometric problems, signal and interlocking interruptions during the three-year observation period, or any other situation with inspected glued-insulated rail joints.

The authors would like to continue their research in the determined direction and publish the new results in papers.

Acknowledgements

Thank you for the help of MÁV‑THERMIT Ltd. This research is supported BY the ÚNKP-18-3 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities.

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A. НЕМЕС1*, С. ФІшер2

1*Каф. ІІнфраструктура транспорту й гідротехнікаІ, Університет Іштвана Сечені,
пл. Університетська, 1, Дьєр, Угорщина, 9026, тел. +36 (96) 613 544,
ел. пошта nemeth.attila@sze.hu, ORCID 0000-0002-3477-6902
2*Каф. ІІнфраструктура транспорту й гідротехнікаІ, Університет Іштвана Сечені,
пл. Університетська, 1, Дьєр, Угорщина, 9026, тел. +36 (96) 613 544,
ел. пошта fischersz@sze.hu, ORCID 0000-0001-7298-9960

Результати лабораторних випробувань клейових

ІЗОстиків ІЗ ТРАДИЦІЙНИМИ СТАЛЕВИМИ

Й посиленИМИ склопластиковИМИ накладкАМИ

Мета. Автори передбачають більш точно оцінити процес зносу клейових ізольованих рейкових з’єднань із полімерно-композитними і сталевими накладками за допомогою лабораторних випробувань. Методика. Лабораторні випробування проводилися за допомогою результатів вимірювань статичних і динамічних (втомних) випробувань на триточковий згин клейових ізольованих рейкових стиків, посилених склопластиковими полімер-композитними накладками (марка APATECH). У ході дослідження були проведені статичні випробування на триточковий згин рейкових стиків зі сталевими й полімер-композитними накладками. Для випробувань використані зразки трьох різних профілів (MÁV48, 54E1 (UIC54) та 60E1 (UIC60) після 3,5 млн циклів навантаження (процес зносу перевірено після кожних 0,5 млн циклів). Перед проведенням випробувань на втому зразки було виміряно на 13 різних значень. Результати. У наш час проводять дослідження посилених склопластикових і сталевих рейкових з’єднань (триточкові статичні й динамічні випробування на вигин). Із урахуванням цих досліджень процеси механічного руйнування було визначено шляхом порівняння значень вигину з вихідними значеннями (тобто до випробувань на втому). За допомогою аналізу результатів вимірювань отримані відмінності щодо обох типів клейових ізольованих рейкових з’єднань зі сталевими й полімер-композитними накладками.Наукова новизна. У результаті дослідження вивчено застосування нового типу клейових ізольованих рейкових стиків і визначено остаточний термін служби цих рейкових з’єднань, зокрема, скільки часу їх можна безпечно використовувати на залізничній колії без пошкоджень. У міжнародній літературі ця сфера клейових рейкових стиків не була досліджена. Практична значимість. Рейкові стики, посилені склопластиковими накладками, а також ІконтрольніІ ізольовані клейові рейкові стики зі сталевими накладками були вбудовані в залізничну лінію між державним кордоном Келенфёльд і Хед’єшалом в Угорщині в трьох різних місцях. У цій статті процес зносу клейових ізольованих рейкових стиків продемонстровано тільки за допомогою лабораторних випробувань на вигин.

Ключові слова: лабораторні випробування; склопластик; накладка; рейковий стик; руйнування

A. НЕМЕС1*, С. Фишер2

1*Каф. Инфраструктура транспорта и гидротехникаІ, Университет Иштвана Сечени,
пл. Университетская, 1, Дьер, Венгрия, 9026, тел. +36 (96) 613 544,
эл. почта nemeth.attila@sze.hu, ORCID 0000-0002-3477-6902
2Каф. Инфраструктура транспорта и гидротехникаІ, Университет Иштвана Сечени,
пл. Университетская, 1, Дьер, Венгрия, 9026, тел. +36 (96) 613 544,
эл. почта fischersz@sze.hu, ORCID 0000-0001-7298-9960

РЕзультаты ЛАБОРАТОРНЫх ИСПЫТАНИй

клеевых ИЗОстыков С традиционными

стальными и УСИЛЕННЫМИ

СТЕКЛОПЛАСТИКОВЫМИ НАКЛАДКАМИ

Цель. Авторы предполагают более точно оценить процесс износа клеевых изолированных рельсовых соединений с полимерно-композитными и стальными накладками с помощью лабораторных испытаний. Методика. Лабораторные испытания проводились с помощью результатов измерений статических и динамических (усталостных) испытаний на трехточечный изгиб клеевых изолированных рельсовых стыков, усиленных стеклопластиковыми полимер-композитными накладками (марка APATECH). В ходе исследования были проведены статические испытания на трехточечный изгиб рельсовых стыков со стальными и полимер-композитными накладками. Для испытаний использованы образцы трех различных профилей (MÁV48, 54E1 (UIC54) и 60E1 (UIC60) после 3,5 млн циклов нагрузки (процесс износа проверялся после каждых 0,5 млн циклов). Перед проведением усталостных испытаний образцы были измерены на 13 различных значений. Результаты. В настоящее время ведутся работы по исследованию усиленных стеклопластиковых и стальных рельсовых соединений (трехточечные статические и динамические испытания на изгиб). С учетом данных исследований процессы механического разрушения были определены путем сравнения значений изгиба с исходными значениями (то есть до испытаний на усталость). С помощью анализа результатов измерений получены отличия по типам клеевых изолированных рельсовых соединений со стальными и полимер-композитными накладками. Научная новизна. По результатам исследования изучено применение нового типа клеевых изолированных рельсовых стыков и определен окончательный срок службы данных рельсовых соединений, в частности, сколько времени их можно безопасно использовать на железнодорожном пути без повреждений. В международной литературе эта область клеевых рельсовых стыков не была исследована. Практическая значимость. Рельсовые стыки, усиленные стеклопластиковыми накладками, склеенными смолой, а также ІконтрольныеІ изолированные клеевые рельсовые стыки со стальными накладками были встроены в железнодорожную линию между государственной границей Келенфёльд и Хедьешалом в Венгрии в трех разных местах. В данной статье процесс износа клеевых изолированных рельсовых стыков продемонстрирован только с помощью лабораторных испытаний на изгиб.

Ключевые слова: лабораторные испытания; стеклопластик; накладка; рельсовый стык; разрушение

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  • Received: Jan. 31, 2019

  • Accepted: May 27, 2019

    CПрямая соединительная линия 18reative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

  • doi: https://doi.org/10.15802/stp2019/171781 © A. Nemeth, S. Fischer, 2019